This guide is available as a Word document or PDF. Popular instructional videos have such different styles, and there is no consensus in research about how to make the most effective instructional videos (Renkl, 2021). Videos can differ in whether or not we can see the instructor, presenting text as spoken and/or printed, and the…
This guide is available as a Word document or PDF. The use of interactive media in education may depend largely on the subject matter. A casual search of interactive, educational media on the internet seems to yield mostly applications about topics in STEM, especially math. These applications are designed for: The examples of interactive media…
This guide is available as a Word document or PDF. Incorporating drawing as a learning activity to accompany textual information can be helpful for meeting learning outcomes compared to no drawing (Leutner & Schmeck, 2021). According to the drawing principle, the exercise of drawing allows students to engage in generative processing (Leutner & Schmeck, 2021)…
This guide is available as a Word document or PDF. Tables Versus Graphs Numerical data are commonly presented as tables or graphs (Ainsworth, 2021). Tables have the additional advantage of including non-numerical data, as exemplified in Table 1. A typical reason to display numerical data on a table is so that students can extract these…
This guide is available as a Word document or PDF. According to the mapping principle, people learn deeply when they translate complex word-based information into a combined word- and visuospatial format (Adesope et al., 2021; Fiorella & Mayer, 2021). The collaborative mapping principle goes further to suggest that concept mapping can be a collaborative activity…
This guide is available as a Word document or PDF. The learning outcomes of STEM courses frequently require students to perform mathematical computations or apply specific rules to solve problems. The rules may be physical laws, chemical reaction mechanisms, the syntax of programming languages, or financial accounting formulas. Including worked examples in the lesson is…